Sharing food with spirits and ghosts?

What do the Canon and commentaries say about offering physical food to spirits and ghosts? For example, offering part of one’s meal that one does not eat and instead leaves aside with the intention for them to share in it. Of course, on a physical level the food will ultimately end up in the compost/landfill and be consumed by bacteria, fungi, and creatures and broken down by the elements. But does inviting these beings to partake of it allow them to do so? Can they benefit from this kind of offering?

Please include citations. Thank you.

Dear Mkoll,
Welcome to the forum.
I tend to think of it as superstition. However the texts do mention it.

Anguttara nikaya
III. THE VAJJI SEVEN 21 (1) Sārandada [16] Thus have I heard. On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling at Vesālī at the Sārandada Shrine. Then a number of Licchavis approached the Blessed One, paid homage to him, and sat down to one side. The Blessed One said this to them: “I will teach you, Licchavis, seven principles of non-decline. Listen and attend closely. I will speak.”

(6) “As long as the Vajjis honor, respect, esteem, and venerate their traditional shrines, both those within [the city]1475 and those outside, [17] and do not neglect the righteous oblations as given and done to them in the past,1476 only growth is to be expected for them, not decline.

Bodhi note1476 Mp: “When people neglect the righteous oblations, the deities do not protect them, and even if they cannot create new suffering, they intensify arisen suffering, such as coughs and headaches, etc.; and in time of war, the people have no allies. But when people don’t neglect the oblations, the deities protect them well, and even if they cannot create new happiness, they remove old illnesses; and when war breaks out, the people have allies.”

AN10.177 Jāṇussoṇī is relevant as far as merit sharing goes. But that isn’t exactly your question, is it?

However the Petavatthu is full of incidents where people try and share food etc with ghosts are are told it would be unsuccessful. Pv1.10 and Pv2.4 explain how things cannot be directly given to ghosts.

OP, is this a Theravada practice you are asking about, namely setting aside leftover food for non-humans?

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I am in Lumbini today and asked your question to Sujin Boriharnwanaket. She said ( I paraphrase) that such actions can be an expression of kusala citta - similar to remembering the virtues of the devas ( as they are devas because of meritorious acts).

Edit: But as @Gijjhakuta noted your question is more about any benefits to the devas?

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That sutta and the Pv teachings makes things clearer, thank you.

Not necessarily. It just came to mind as I was finishing a meal yesterday. I thought to myself along the lines of: Would leaving these last morsels with the intention that other beings gain sustenance from them be effective?

Thank you for asking, Robert.

Instead of spirits and ghosts, I should have said non-human non-animal beings. So any kind of ghost, deva, yakkha, or whatever kind of being we cannot see with human eyes.

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There are four fitting deeds that a noble disciple does with the legitimate wealth he has earned by his efforts and initiative, built up with his own hands, gathered by the sweat of the brow. What four?

To start with, with his legitimate wealth he makes himself happy and pleased, keeping himself properly happy. He makes his mother and father happy … He makes his children, partners, bondservants, workers, and staff happy … He makes his friends and colleagues happy … This is his first expenditure in an appropriate sphere on a deserved and fitting cause.

Furthermore, with his legitimate wealth he defends himself against threats from such things as fire, flood, rulers, bandits, or unloved heirs. He keeps himself safe. This is his second expenditure in an appropriate sphere on a deserved and fitting cause.

Furthermore, with his legitimate wealth he makes five spirit-offerings: to relatives, guests, ancestors, king, and deities. This is his third expenditure in an appropriate sphere on a deserved and fitting cause.

Furthermore, with his legitimate wealth he establishes an uplifting religious donation for ascetics and brahmins—those who refrain from intoxication and negligence, are settled in patience and sweetness, and who tame, calm, and extinguish themselves—that’s conducive to heaven, ripens in happiness, and leads to heaven. This is his fourth expenditure in an appropriate sphere on a deserved and fitting cause.
'These are the four fitting deeds that a noble disciple does with the legitimate wealth he has earned by his efforts and initiative, built up with his own hands, gathered by the sweat of the brow.

https://suttacentral.net/an4.61/en/sujato?lang=en&layout=plain&reference=none&notes=asterisk&highlight=false&script=latin

And brahmin, in that sacrifice no cattle were killed, no goats or sheep were killed, and no chickens or pigs were killed. There was no slaughter of various kinds of creatures. No trees were felled for the sacrificial post. No grass was reaped to strew over the place of sacrifice. No bondservants, servants, or workers did their jobs under threat of punishment and danger, weeping with tearful faces. Those who wished to work did so, while those who did not wish to did not. A leader gets results through inspiration, not fear.They did the work they wanted to, and did not do what they didn’t want to. The sacrifice was completed with just ghee, oil, butter, curds, honey, and molasses. These were regarded as valuable yet harmless products.

Then the aristocrat vassals, ministers and councillors, well-to-do brahmins, and well-off householders came to the king bringing abundant wealth and said, ‘Sire, this abundant wealth is specially for you alone; may Your Highness accept it!’ The king’s generosity and sincerity brings out the best in the others.

‘There’s enough raised for me through regular taxes. Let this be for you; and here, take even more!’

When the king turned them down, they withdrew to one side to think up a plan, ‘It wouldn’t be proper for us to take this abundant wealth back to our own homes. King Mahāvijita is performing a great sacrifice. Let us make an offering as an auxiliary sacrifice.’

Then the aristocrat vassals of town and country set up gifts to the east of the sacrificial enclosure. The ministers and councillors of town and country set up gifts to the south of the sacrificial enclosure. The well-to-do brahmins of town and country set up gifts to the west of the sacrificial enclosure. The well-off householders of town and country set up gifts to the north of the sacrificial enclosure.

And brahmin, in that sacrifice too no cattle were killed, no goats were killed, and no chickens or pigs were killed. There was no slaughter of various kinds of creatures. No trees were felled for the sacrificial post. No grass was reaped to strew over the place of sacrifice. No bondservants, servants, or workers did their jobs under threat of punishment and danger, weeping with tearful faces. Those who wished to work did so, while those who did not wish to did not. They did the work they wanted to, and did not do what they didn’t want to. The sacrifice was completed with just ghee, oil, butter, curds, honey, and molasses.
SuttaCentral

Yes, we can share food with spirits and local deities. It’s similar to sharing food with friends and guests. If we do so, they will protect us.

Sharing merit with them is also good, but we should also share food with them.

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There is this from AN 3.57 Vacchagottasutta

Vaccha, this is what I say: ‘You even make merit by tipping out dish-washing water in a cesspool or a sump with living creatures in it, thinking, “May any creatures here be nourished!”’ How much more then for human beings!

Again, not to gods, etc, but it does relate to thoughts about left overs.

I really don’t think it is similar. When we share with other humans those humans actually eat the food. I’m not aware of any places where we see gods eating human food. In fact there is this:

MN 75 Māgaṇḍiyasutta

Suppose there was a householder or a householder’s child who was rich, affluent, and wealthy. And they would amuse themselves, supplied and provided with the five kinds of sensual stimulation. That is, sights known by the eye … sounds … smells … tastes … touches known by the body, which are likable, desirable, agreeable, pleasant, sensual, and arousing. Having practiced good conduct by way of body, speech, and mind, when their body breaks up, after death, they’d be reborn in a good place, a heavenly realm, in the company of the gods of the thirty-three. There they’d amuse themselves in the Garden of Delight, escorted by a band of nymphs, supplied and provided with the five kinds of heavenly sensual stimulation. Then they’d see a householder or a householder’s child amusing themselves, supplied and provided with the five kinds of sensual stimulation.

What do you think, Māgaṇḍiya? Would that god—amusing themselves in the Garden of Delight, escorted by a band of nymphs, supplied and provided with the five kinds of heavenly sensual stimulation—envy that householder or householder’s child their five kinds of human sensual stimulation, or return to human sensual pleasures?”

I’m inclined to believe that the gods appreciate the sacrifices as a devotional thing. I’m curious, though, if there is more written about it in the suttas or commentaries.

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There is actually a story of spirits eating human food. They weren’t petas but they were lowly gods that were very poor. They could still also attain stream entry. It might be in the Dhammapada conmentary. I would have to check again, but that story shows that low level gods can indeed eat human food.

Also there’s this sutta

“Mendicants, there are these five drawbacks for a family who takes their meals late in the day. What five? When guests visit, they are not served on time. The deities who accept spirit-offerings are not served on time. Ascetics and brahmins who eat in one part of the day, abstaining from eating at night, and from food at the wrong time are not served on time. Bondservants, workers, and staff do their duties neglectfully. A meal eaten during the wrong period is not nutritious. These are the five drawbacks for a family who takes their meals late in the day.
SuttaCentral

Excellent find, thank you!

From that, I think we can conclude that disposing of leftovers with the thought and intention that other beings benefit from them is fruitful. I intend to adopt this practice. Another benefit I see for myself is that it could support the practice of moderation in eating. Instead of gobbling up the last morsels to experience a few more taste-sensations before the eating ends, I can mindfully dispose of them with the thought that other beings benefit from them and therefore benefit both myself and others.

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I found it. It’s in the commentary to SN 10.7

241. The Seventh Story: At Jetavana

Context:
At that time, during sunset, the Buddha was residing at Jetavana, in the Kosambakakuṭi located on the monastery’s outskirts. After his midday meal, the Buddha gave a discourse to a large assembly, and after dismissing them, he bathed and sat in meditation in the Gandhakuṭi (Fragrant Chamber), reflecting on the eastern world-systems.

Monks who were forest-dwellers, wanderers, and wearers of rag-robes left their dwelling places to visit the Buddha. They bowed to him and, like an encircling red cloth, sat around him. Knowing their dispositions, the Buddha delivered a dhamma talk connected to Nibbāna.


The Yakkhinī’s Journey

A yakkhinī (female spirit) was searching for food in the area behind Jetavana. Carrying her daughter on her hip and leading her son by hand, she wandered near the boundary wall of Jetavana, scavenging for leftovers such as spittle, discarded food, and filth. Gradually, she approached the gateway to Jetavana.

The Buddha’s voice, when instructing Ānanda or giving teachings, reached no further than twelve arms’ length, ensuring the sweet sound of his voice was preserved. When delivering dhamma to a vast assembly, even if it extended to the ends of the universe, his voice remained clear, and not a syllable escaped beyond the audience.

The yakkhinī, however, initially could not hear the sound while standing outside the perimeter. But upon reaching the gateway, where the Buddha’s voice resonated directly, she beheld the Gandhakuṭi. Struck by reverence for the Buddha, she stood motionless, her hands still, like a flame in a windless place.

She thought, “Surely, there will be some leftovers here—perhaps drops of ghee, oil, or honey dripping from bowls or hands, or something fallen to the ground.” With this hope, she entered the monastery. The guardian deity stationed at the gate, recognizing the yakkhinī’s potential for liberation, did not prevent her entry.

Upon entering and hearing the Buddha’s sweet voice, the sound penetrated her very being, reaching her bones and heart. She became motionless, absorbed in listening to the dhamma. However, her son, too young to appreciate the teachings, repeatedly urged her:
“Mother, why do you keep stopping and standing still? Why aren’t you searching for food for me to eat?”

Annoyed, she silenced him, saying, “Be quiet, dear one, do not disturb me while I listen to the dhamma.”


Her Reflection

When she said, “Be silent until I finish listening,” she expressed her longing for liberation from all bonds, referring to Nibbāna as “the release from all ties.” The yakkhinī recognized her condition as one of suffering and yearning. She understood the dhamma as surpassing all worldly attachments and aspirations.


The Buddha’s Insight

Seeing the yakkhinī and her son had the potential to attain Sotāpatti (Stream-entry), the Buddha tailored his teaching to reveal the Four Noble Truths. Listening to this, the yakkhinī, along with her son, attained Sotāpatti on the spot.

Her daughter, however, though endowed with supporting conditions for liberation, was too young to comprehend the teaching fully and could not yet attain the same realization.


The Yakkhinī’s Rejoicing

The yakkhinī, filled with joy, said to her son:
“Indeed, it is good to be wise! Today, I have risen from the cycle of suffering and reached liberation in the Buddha’s dispensation. May you, too, be happy.”

She then expressed her wish for her daughter:
“May my daughter, Uttarā, also hear and rejoice in our attainment of the Four Noble Truths.”

With the realization of the dhamma, she relinquished all ties to her previous pisāca (spirit) existence and, along with her son, attained celestial bliss. Her daughter, by virtue of her mother’s merit and influence, also gained a share in this newfound prosperity, much like children inheriting their parents’ wealth.


Afterward

From that day forward, the yakkhinī and her children resided near a tree close to the Gandhakuṭi, where they could see the Buddha and listen to his teachings every morning and evening. They lived peacefully, benefiting from the dhamma and enjoying their celestial existence.

This concludes the seventh story.
241. Sattame tena kho pana samayenāti katarasamayena? Sūriyassa atthaṅgamanasamayena. Tadā kira bhagavā pacchābhatte mahājanassa dhammaṃ desetvā mahājanaṃ uyyojetvā nhānakoṭṭhake nhatvā gandhakuṭipariveṇe paññattavarabuddhāsane puratthimalokadhātuṃ olokayamāno nisīdi. Athekacārikadvicārikādayo paṃsukūlikapiṇḍapātikabhikkhū attano attano vasanaṭṭhānehi nikkhamitvā āgamma dasabalaṃ vanditvā rattasāṇiyā parikkhipamānā viya nisīdiṃsu. Atha nesaṃ ajjhāsayaṃ viditvā satthā nibbānapaṭisaṃyuttaṃ dhammakathaṃ kathesi.

Evaṃ tosesīti sā kira dhītaraṃ aṅkenādāya puttaṃ aṅguliyā gahetvā jetavanapiṭṭhiyaṃ pākāraparikkhepasamīpe uccārapassāvakheḷasiṅghāṇikaṃ pariyesamānā anupubbena jetavanadvārakoṭṭhakaṃ sampattā. Bhagavato ca, ‘‘ānanda, pattaṃ āhara, cīvaraṃ āhara, vighāsādānaṃ dānaṃ dehī’’ti kathentassa saddo samantā dvādasahatthamattameva gaṇhāti. Dhammaṃ desentassa sacepi cakkavāḷapariyantaṃ katvā parisā nisīdati, yathā parisaṃ gacchati, bahiparisāya ekaṅgulimattampi na niggacchati, ‘‘mā akāraṇā madhurasaddo nassī’’ti. Tatrāyaṃ yakkhinī bahiparisāya ṭhitā saddaṃ na suṇāti, dvārakoṭṭhake ṭhitāya panassā mahatiyā buddhavīthiyā abhimukhe ṭhitā gandhakuṭi paññāyi. Sā nivāte dīpasikhā viya buddhagāravena hatthakukkuccādirahitaṃ niccalaṃ parisaṃ disvā – ‘‘nūna mettha kiñci bhājanīyabhaṇḍaṃ bhavissati, yato ahaṃ sappitelamadhuphāṇitādīsu kiñcideva pattato vā hatthato vā paggharantaṃ bhūmiyaṃ vā pana patitaṃ labhissāmī’’ti antovihāraṃ pāvisi. Dvārakoṭṭhake avaruddhakānaṃ nivāraṇatthāya ṭhitā ārakkhadevatā yakkhiniyā upanissayaṃ disvā na nivāresi. Tassā saha parisāya ekībhāvagamanena madhurassaro chaviādīni chinditvā aṭṭhimiñjaṃ āhacca aṭṭhāsi. Taṃ dhammassavanatthāya niccalaṃ ṭhitaṃ purimanayeneva puttakā codayiṃsu. Sā ‘‘dhammassavanassa me antarāyaṃ karontī’’ti puttake tuṇhī uttarike hohīti evaṃ tosesi.

Tattha yāvāti yāva dhammaṃ suṇāmi, tāva tuṇhī hohīti attho. Sabbaganthappamocananti nibbānaṃ āgamma sabbe ganthā pamuccanti, tasmā taṃ sabbaganthappamocananti vuccati. Ativelāti velātikkantā pamāṇātikkantā. Piyāyanāti magganā patthanā. Tato piyataranti yā ayaṃ assa dhammassa magganā patthanā, idaṃ mayhaṃ tato piyataranti attho. Piyatarāti vā pāṭho. Pāṇinanti yathā pāṇīnaṃ dukkhā moceti. Ke mocetīti? Pāṇineti āharitvā vattabbaṃ. Yaṃ dhammaṃ abhisambuddhanti, yaṃ dhammaṃ bhagavā abhisambuddho. Tuṇhībhūtāyamuttarāti na kevalaṃ ahameva, ayaṃ me bhaginī uttarāpi tuṇhībhūtāti vadati. Saddhammassa anaññāyāti, amma, mayaṃ pubbepi imaṃ saddhammameva ajānitvā idāni idaṃ khuppipāsādidukkhaṃ anubhavantā dukkhaṃ carāma viharāma.

Cakkhumāti pañcahi cakkhūhi cakkhumā. Dhammaṃ desentoyeva bhagavā parisaṃ sallakkhayamāno tassā yakkhiniyā ceva yakkhadārakassa ca sotāpattiphalassa upanissayaṃ disvā desanaṃ vinivaṭṭetvā catusaccakathaṃ dīpeti, taṃ sutvā tasmiṃyeva dese ṭhitā yakkhinī saddhiṃ puttena sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhitā. Dhītuyāpi panassā upanissayo atthi, atidaharattā pana desanaṃ sampaṭicchituṃ nāsakkhi.

Idāni sā yakkhinī puttassa anumodanaṃ karontī sādhu kho paṇḍito nāmātiādimāha. Ajjāhamhi samuggatāti ahamhi ajja vaṭṭato uggatā samuggatā sāsane vā uggatā samuggatā, tvampi sukhī hohīti. Diṭṭhānīti mayā ca tayā ca diṭṭhāni. Uttarāpi suṇātu meti, ‘‘amhākaṃ catusaccapaṭivedhabhāvaṃ, dhītā me uttarāpi, suṇātū’’ti vadati. Saha saccapaṭivedheneva sāpi sūcilomo viya sabbaṃ setakaṇḍukacchuādibhāvaṃ pahāya dibbasampattiṃ paṭilabhati saddhiṃ puttena. Dhītā panassā yathā nāma loke mātāpitūhi issariye laddhe puttānampi taṃ hoti, evaṃ mātu-ānubhāveneva sampattiṃ labhi. Tato paṭṭhāya ca sā saddhiṃ puttakehi gandhakuṭisamīparukkheyeva nivāsarukkhaṃ labhitvā sāyaṃ pātaṃ buddhadassanaṃ labhamānā dhammaṃ suṇamānā dīgharattaṃ tattheva vasi. Sattamaṃ.

In this case, a yakkhini was searching for food to eat. They were extremely poor but they could still attain stream entry so they weren’t petas. They were lower class of devas.

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Another sutta along this topic’s lines…

“Mendicants, if sentient beings only knew, as I do, the fruit of giving and sharing, they would not eat without first giving, and the stain of stinginess would not occupy their minds. They would not eat without sharing even their last mouthful, their last morsel, so long as there was someone to receive it. It is because sentient beings do not know, as I do, the fruit of giving and sharing, that they eat without first giving, and the stain of stinginess occupies their minds.”

-excerpt from Iti 26, emphasis added

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