Account of the First Council given in the Pārājikakaṇḍa-aṭṭhakathā

Here I have translated some of the beginning of the account of the First Buddhist Council found in the Pārājikakaṇḍa-aṭṭhakathā using the help of Artificial Intelligence:

"Who for countless eons, immeasurable, undertook time, most difficult. Exerted for the welfare of the world, the Protector—Homage to Him, the Greatly Compassionate One.

Unenlightened, not served by the Buddhas, the world of beings goes from existence to existence. Homage to Him, the destroyer of the net of defilements—ignorance and the rest—the Excellent Dhamma’s Lord.

Who is endowed with virtues—morality, concentration, wisdom, liberation, and the knowledge of liberation. The field for beings seeking the good—the Noble Sangha, I bow my head to them.

Thus, ever worthy of homage, paying reverence to the Triple Gem. I have attained abundant merit—by its power, may all obstacles be dispelled.

When this Dispensation stands firm, well-established is the steadfast one. That Vinaya I shall proclaim, unmixed, based on the experience of the ancient teachers.

And indeed by the assemblies of ancient teachers, whose stains were washed away by the waters of wisdom, possessed of purified knowledge and analytical insights, skilled in the exposition of the true Dhamma.

By those incomparable in ascetic practice, like banners of the Great Monastery. This Vinaya is presented systematically by methods, by the thoughts of the Fully Enlightened One’s lineage.

Though presented by the language of the Sinhalese island, yet because it is designated as such, it does not fully convey the meaning for monks in other lands.

Therefore, now I shall begin this exposition in accordance with the Pali tradition. Recalling well the command of the Elder, the glory of the Buddha’s dispensation.

And beginning this exposition, taking the body of the Great Commentary, as well as the Mahāpaccariya, and the renowned Kurundi and others.

The decisions stated in the Commentaries, holding firmly to the correct meaning. Therein, adhering to the Elders’ doctrine, rightly shall I begin this exposition.

May those with confident minds listen to me, the elders, monks, both new and middling. Reverently honoring the Dhamma of the Tathāgata, the torch of Dhamma.

The Dhamma and Vinaya spoken by the Buddha, which was likewise transmitted by his sons. They, relinquishing their own views, composed the ancient Commentaries.

Therefore, rejecting what is carelessly written, but upholding what is said in the Commentaries—for all training, revered by the wise, this is the standard here.

Then, abandoning mere dialectics, setting aside lengthy elaborations, having fully settled all decisions, avoiding any deviation from the texts.

Clarifying the meaning of the Suttanta’s words, in accordance with the Suttas themselves. So that this exposition too may be proper—therefore, it should be studied diligently.

Thinking, ‘Having gained a faction, they might soon cause the true Dhamma to disappear. So long as the Dhamma-Vinaya remains, only the Teacher’s instruction is authoritative.’

For this was said by the Blessed One: ‘Ānanda, the Dhamma and Vinaya I have taught and prescribed shall be your Teacher after my passing.’

‘Why should I not recite the Dhamma and Vinaya, so that this Dispensation may endure for a long time?’

'And because the Blessed One had said to me: “Kassapa, you will bear my hempen rag-robes, worn and threadbare,” thus sharing the robe’s use in common. And: “Monks, as long as I wish, I can enter and dwell in the first jhāna, secluded from sensual pleasures. Kassapa too, monks, as long as he wishes, can enter and dwell in the first jhāna.”

Thus, through such means—endowed with the nine successive attainments, the sixfold higher knowledge, and equal mastery in superhuman qualities—what further need had he? Surely, the Blessed One, like a king granting his own armor to his son who would establish the royal lineage, thought: ‘This one will establish the lineage of the true Dhamma,’ and so favored him with this unique distinction. Reflecting thus, he roused the monks to assemble for the recitation of the Dhamma-Vinaya.

As it is said: ‘Then the Venerable Mahākassapa addressed the monks: “Friends, once I was traveling on the road from Pāvā to Kusinārā with a great Sangha of five hundred monks…”’

The entire Subhadda episode should be understood in detail.

Then he said: ‘Come, friends, let us recite the Dhamma and Vinaya, lest false Dhamma shine forth and true Dhamma be obscured, lest false discipline shine forth and true discipline be obscured, lest those who speak false Dhamma become strong and those who speak true Dhamma become weak, lest those who speak false discipline become strong and those who speak true discipline become weak.’

The monks said: ‘Then, venerable sir, let the Elder select the monks.’

The Elder, excluding ordinary persons, stream-enterers, once-returners, non-returners, dry-insight practitioners, and many hundreds and thousands of monks who were not arahants, selected only those arahants who were masters of the entire ninefold Dispensation, bearers of the full range of the Tipiṭaka, attainers of the analytical knowledges (paṭisambhidā), of great power, mostly declared by the Blessed One as foremost in various categories (such as the threefold knowledge)—in total, four hundred and ninety-nine arahant monks.

Regarding this, it is said: ‘Then the Venerable Mahākassapa selected four hundred and ninety-nine arahants.’ But why did the Elder leave one spot open? To create an opportunity for the Venerable Ānanda.

For without him, the Dhamma recitation could not be done, and with him, it also could not [yet] be done. That Venerable One was still a trainee (sekkha) and needed to attain [arahantship]. Without him, it was impossible because nothing taught by the Buddha—such as the Suttas and related texts—had been received by anyone else in the Buddha’s presence. With him [still unenlightened], it was also impossible [due to his status].

If, despite being a trainee, he was so essential to the Dhamma recitation that the Elder should have selected him, why was he not selected? To avoid criticism.

For the Elder had great trust in the Venerable Ānanda. Indeed, even when boils arose on his head, he would advise him affectionately, calling him ‘young prince.’ This Venerable One was born into the Sakyan clan, the Buddha’s cousin (son of his uncle).

Some monks, suspecting favoritism, might have criticized: ‘The Elder passed over many arahants with the analytical knowledges and chose Ānanda, a trainee with those knowledges.’ To avoid such criticism, [he left a spot open] without Ānanda the recitation cannot be done, but I will act only with the monks’ consent.’

Thus, he did not select him. Then the monks themselves requested the Elder for Ānanda’s sake. As it is said: ‘The monks said to the Venerable Mahākassapa: “Venerable sir, this Venerable Ānanda, though still a trainee, is incapable of acting out of desire, hatred, delusion, or fear. Moreover, he has learned much Dhamma and Vinaya in the Buddha’s presence. Therefore, venerable sir, let the Elder also select Ānanda.” Then the Venerable Mahākassapa selected the Venerable Ānanda.’

Thus, with the monks’ approval, he selected him, and together with that Venerable One, they became five hundred elders.

Then the elder monks considered: ‘Where should we recite the Dhamma and Vinaya?’ They further reflected: ‘Rājagaha is a place of abundant support and ample lodging. Suppose we spend the rains-residence in Rājagaha and recite the Dhamma and Vinaya there, while preventing other monks from entering Rājagaha for the rains.’…

Renaldo

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…But why did they think this? ‘This is our firm duty. Should any disagreeable person enter the midst of the Sangha, they might cause disruption.’

Then the Venerable Mahākassapa made the formal announcement with a motion and second motion [as a procedural act]. This should be understood in the manner described in the [Vinaya’s] Council Chapter.

Then, after seven days of honoring [the Buddha’s relics] and seven days of relic-worship following the Tathāgata’s Parinibbāna, [they realized:] ‘Half a month has passed. Now, half of the summer month remains, and the rainy season is approaching.’ Reflecting thus, the Elder Mahākassapa said, ‘Friends, let us go to Rājagaha,’ and taking half the Sangha, he went by one road.

The Elder Anuruddha also took half [the remaining monks] and went by another road. The Elder Ānanda, however, took the Buddha’s bowl and robe and, surrounded by a company of monks, set out on a journey to Sāvatthī first, intending afterward to go to Rājagaha.

As the Venerable Ānanda traveled from place to place, great lamentation arose: ‘Venerable Ānanda, where have you placed the Teacher?..’

[People asked Ānanda:] ‘Where have you come from?’ Gradually, when he reached Sāvatthī, great lamentation arose just as on the day of the Blessed One’s Parinibbāna.

There, the Venerable Ānanda, having calmed the crowd with a Dhamma talk on impermanence and related themes, entered Jetavana. He opened the door of the fragrant cottage where the Buddha had resided, removed the bed and bench, shook them out, swept the cottage, discarded the withered garlands and mats, took the bed and bench outside, then put them back in their proper places. He performed all the duties that were to be done for the Blessed One when he was alive.

Then, because the Elder had been sitting and standing frequently since the Blessed One’s Parinibbāna, his body, agitated by the elements, needed relief. On the following day, he drank a purgative of milk and sat in the monastery. Regarding this, when the brahmin Subha sent a young man [to invite him], he said:

‘It is not the time, young man. Today I have taken medicine. Perhaps I may come tomorrow.’

On the next day, the Elder [Ānanda] went with his attendant monk Ceta and, when questioned by the brahmin Subha, he taught the tenth sutta of the Dīghanikāya, called the Subha Sutta.

Then, after having repairs made to the broken and dilapidated [structures] at Jetavana Monastery, the Elder [Ānanda] set out for Rājagaha as the rainy season approached. Likewise, the Elders Mahākassapa and Anuruddha, taking the entire Sangha of monks, also went to Rājagaha.

At that time, there were eighteen great monasteries in Rājagaha. All of them were neglected and in disrepair, for after the Blessed One’s Parinibbāna, all the monks had taken their own bowls and robes, abandoned the monasteries and dwellings, and departed.

There, the Elders thought: ‘For the sake of honoring the Buddha’s words and to refute the sectarians’ claims, let us first spend a month repairing the broken and dilapidated [monasteries].’ For the sectarians might say: ‘The disciples of the ascetic Gotama maintained the monasteries while the Teacher was alive but abandoned them after his Parinibbāna.’ Thus, it is said they considered this to refute their claims.

Then the elder monks considered: ‘Friends, the Buddha praised the repairing of broken and dilapidated [structures]. Come, friends, let us first spend one month repairing what is broken and dilapidated, then gather in the middle month to recite the Dhamma and Vinaya.’

The next day, they went and stood at the king’s gate. King Ajātasattu came, paid respects, and asked: ‘Venerable sirs, what is the purpose of your coming?’ inquiring about what service he could perform. The elders announced their need for laborers to repair the eighteen great monasteries.

‘Excellent, venerable sirs,’ said the king, and provided laborers. After one month, when all monasteries were repaired, the elders informed the king: ‘Great king, the monastery repairs are completed. Now we will compile the Dhamma-Vinaya.’

‘Excellent, venerable sirs. Proceed confidently. My command is yours; let the Dhamma-wheel be yours. Instruct me, venerable sirs, what should I do?’ ‘A place for the monks to sit while compiling, great king.’ ‘Where shall I prepare it, venerable sirs?’ ‘At the entrance of the Sattapaņņi cave on Vebhāra Mountain would be suitable, great king.’

‘Excellent, venerable sirs.’ Then King Ajātasattu had a pavilion built resembling Vissakamma’s creations, with well-divided walls, pillars and stairs, adorned with various garlands and creepers, surpassing the splendor of royal palaces, rivaling celestial mansions in glory, like a single celestial dwelling place, delightful to the eyes of gods and humans, a sight worthy of admiration…

…decorated with hanging flower garlands, beautiful canopies with jeweled fringes, floors inlaid with various flower offerings resembling Brahma’s mansion. In that great pavilion, he prepared five hundred priceless sitting mats for the monks, facing north toward the southern side. In the middle of the pavilion, facing east, he placed a Dhamma seat worthy of the Buddha, with an ivory casket containing palm leaves [for recording], then announced to the Sangha: ‘Venerable sirs, my task is completed.’

At that time, certain monks said regarding Venerable Ānanda: ‘In this Sangha, one monk wanders about exuding a worldly scent.’ Hearing this, the Elder [responded]: ‘In this Sangha, another worldly scent…’

There is no other monk wandering about exuding a worldly scent. Clearly, they are speaking about me." He became distressed.

“Some monks said to Venerable Ānanda: ‘Tomorrow is the assembly, friend. You are still a trainee needing to strive. It is not proper for you to attend the assembly. Be heedful!’”

“Then Venerable Ānanda thought: ‘Tomorrow is the assembly, but it is not fitting that I, a trainee monk, should attend.’ Having spent most of the night practicing mindfulness of the body, at dawn he descended from his walking meditation, entered his dwelling, and considered ‘I will lie down.’”

“His feet had lifted from the ground but his head had not yet reached the pillow. In that interval, his mind was liberated from the taints through non-clinging.”

“For this Venerable One, unable to produce distinction while continuing walking meditation outside, reflected: ‘Did not the Buddha tell me: “Ānanda, you have done much merit, apply yourself to striving, you will quickly become taintless”? There is no fault in the Buddha’s words. My effort was too intense, causing my mind agitation. Let me balance energy and calm.’ Descending from walking meditation, standing at the foot-washing place, washing his feet, entering the dwelling, sitting on the bed, thinking ‘I will rest a little,’ he inclined his body toward the bed. His feet had lifted from the ground but his head had not yet reached the pillow. In that interval, his mind was liberated from the taints through non-clinging.”

“The Elder’s arahantship occurred without reliance on the four postures [walking, standing, sitting, lying]. Therefore, if asked ‘In this Dispensation, what monk attained arahantship without lying down, sitting, standing or walking?’ one should say ‘The Elder Ānanda.’”

“Then the elder monks, having finished their meal and put away their bowls and robes, gathered in the Dhamma hall on the second day. But Venerable Ānanda, wishing to make known his attainment of arahantship, did not go with the monks.”

“The monks sat each in their proper seats, having set aside a seat for Venerable Ānanda. When some asked ‘Whose seat is this?’ they replied ‘For Venerable Ānanda.’ ‘But where has Ānanda gone?’”

“At that time, the Elder thought: ‘Now is the time for me to go.’ Then, to demonstrate his power, he submerged into the earth and appeared right in his seat. Some say he came through the air and sat down.”

“When they were thus seated, the Venerable Mahākassapa addressed the monks: ‘Friends, what should we recite first - the Dhamma or the Vinaya?’”

“The monks replied: 'Venerable Mahākassapa, the Vinaya is the life of the Buddha’s Dispensation. When the Vinaya stands, the Dispensation stands. Therefore, let us recite the Vinaya first…”

Renaldo

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I was inspired to create this post after doing the same with the beginning passages of the Kathāvatthu-Aṭṭhakathā:

Renaldo

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It is also interesting and noteworthy that this Commentary mentions dry insight workers (sukkhavipassaka):

“The Elder, excluding ordinary persons, stream-enterers, once-returners, non-returners, dry-insight practitioners, and many hundreds and thousands of monks who were not arahants, selected only those arahants who were masters of the entire ninefold Dispensation, bearers of the full range of the Tipiṭaka, attainers of the analytical knowledges (paṭisambhidā), of great power, mostly declared by the Blessed One as foremost in various categories (such as the threefold knowledge)—in total, four hundred and ninety-nine arahant monks.”

Renaldo

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Maybe here the correct translation would be: “the Excellent Dhamma declared by the Lord” or something like this. Because the next lines talk about the Triple Refuge, and the Dhamma must be mentioned before that.

[quote=“renaldo, post:1, topic:1856”]

Thus, ever worthy of homage, paying reverence to the Triple Gem. I have attained abundant merit—by its power, may all obstacles be dispelled.

Besides that, it seems a good translation. I didn’t read all of it yet.

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Thanks @Brunobm, I’d be interested in any other critiques you may have.

Renaldo

It is also interesting and noteworthy that this Commentary mentions dry insight workers (sukkhavipassaka):

“The Elder, excluding ordinary persons, stream-enterers, once-returners, non-returners, dry-insight practitioners, and many hundreds and thousands of monks who were not arahants, selected only those arahants who were masters of the entire ninefold Dispensation, bearers of the full range of the Tipiṭaka, attainers of the analytical knowledges (paṭisambhidā), of great power, mostly declared by the Blessed One as foremost in various categories (such as the threefold knowledge)—in total, four hundred and ninety-nine arahant monks.”

Thanks to @RobertK for providing the following link:

https://classicaltheravada.org/t/some-very-useful-sites/1004/12

Here is an alternate translation from there:

The monks said, “Well then, venerable sir, let the elder select the monks.” The elder, versed in the entire ninefold dispensation of the Teacher, passed over many hundreds and many thousands of ordinary people, stream-enterers, once-returners, non-returners, bare-insight monks, and arahant monks, and selected only just under five hundred arahant monks who were masters of the entire Tipiṭaka with its divisions of learning, attained to the discriminations, were of great power, and were mostly designated by the Blessed One as foremost in such categories as those possessing the threefold knowledge. Referring to this, it was said: “Then the venerable Mahākassapa selected four hundred and ninety-nine arahants” (Cūḷavagga 437).

Why then did the Elder leave out one? To grant an opportunity to Venerable Ānanda. For with that venerable one, or without him, it was not possible to hold the Dhamma recitation. That venerable one was a learner and needed training, therefore it was not possible with him; moreover, since he had not personally received any of the teachings declared by the Ten-Powered One—such as the discourses and verses—directly from the Blessed One, it was not possible without him. If that were the case, even though he was a learner, due to his great assistance in the Dhamma recitation, he should have been selected by the Elder. But why was he not selected? To avoid others’ criticism. The Elder had great confidence in Venerable Ānanda, so much so that even when gray hairs appeared on his head, he admonished him with the words, “This young man does not know moderation.” Moreover, this venerable one was born into the Sakyan clan and was the Tathāgata’s brother, the son of a paternal uncle. There, the monks, thinking it was a matter of favoritism, might have criticized, “The Elder selected Ānanda, a learner who had attained analytical knowledges, while setting aside many monks who were arahants who had attained analytical knowledges.” To avoid such criticism, he did not select him, thinking, “Without Ānanda, the recitation cannot be done; I will take the consent of the monks.”

https://apply.paauksociety.org/tipitaka/index.php

The whole Commentary can be read there.

Renaldo

Thank you so much for this! Now I can read the commentary in English without ChatGPT.

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It is a pleasure to share, HappinessSeeker. :folded_hands:

Renaldo

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hello Renaldo, any feed back about my post that you kindly posted here?