I have transcribed some of ven Bodhi’s talk, starting from around 20 minutes: Venerable Bhikkhu Bodhi: Noble Truths, Noble Path (#179) - The Wisdom Experience
Yeah. You know, I was really wanting to sort of start with the end, which is a little bit unconventional. But, you know, partly we want to know where we’re going.
Interviewer: Yeah. Right. Where’s the Buddha telling us we might be able to go? And what is the highest goal for abodes? And we hear about nibbana nibbana.
Well, I wanted to start there. What is this? What is nibbana.? And is that even a good question? Like, is nibbana a theme? The way I see it, the Buddha has different ways of approaching the question, what is nibbana? So I would maybe divide his way of characterizing the nature of nibbana., maybe put it into three categories, three classes. One would be, I use the word metaphysically or ontologically explicit statements about nibbana…
I know ontology and metaphysics. We think the Buddha avoided metaphysics, avoided ontology. I don’t think that’s the case.
In order to talk about anything, you really need an underlying metaphysics. Okay, so ontological or metaphysical statements about nibbana and statements extolling nibbana as a desirable state, suttas or statements that are intended to inspire in people the wish, desire to attain nibbana… And then the third category would be suttas which describe nibbana or even define nibbana in terms of the task that has to be performed in order to attain nibbana.
Should I elaborate on each of these? Yeah. In my opinion, I’m giving a lecture on nibbana…
Interviewer: This is great.
If that’s what this is, perfect.
Okay, so what I call the ontological and metaphysical perspective. So there are certain words, and I put special emphasis on this because there’s a view within certain circles in the Theravada tradition, particularly emanating maybe from a geographical region where Daniel comes from, where you come from, that nibbana is really just non-existence.
And so the aim of the Buddha’s teaching is to reach that state of non-existence. I have to say with that, I always think in that case the Christian missionaries win. Because they’re saying that this teaching has a very beautiful ethics, but it aims at complete annihilation.
Interviewer: So you think that’s wrong?
Yeah, so I say that there are these terms with an ontological significance that the Buddha uses. Some of the words are dhatu, which we often translate as element, ayatana, base, pada, or state, and even the word dhamma, which has a very broad meaning. And so there are suttas which speak about nibbana as a dhatu.
In fact, in the suttas we have, let’s see if I can get it, amata dhatu, that is the one that is the deathless element. So let us see. Majjhima Nikaya Sutta number 64.
The Buddha says that one contemplates the five aggregates as impermanent, dukkha, non-self, and then he uses a few other descriptive terms. And then one turns one’s mind away from those things and focuses on the amatadhatus. And then with the mind focused on the deathless element, then one attains either the complete destruction of the defilements, or if there’s still some clinging left, the state of non-returning.
We pause here for a sec. So the Buddha is actually saying in this statement something very familiar, that Buddhist practice is often contemplating the five aggregates and understanding their three marks, right? And selflessness being, and permanence being one of them, the suffering …, right? But in this one, the Buddha is saying at a certain point, you turn away from that, and focus of what is, I’m interested in the verb, you turn towards the deathless element. What does that actually mean? What does it mean? Yeah, I don’t think it’s in that book, because it’s in the Majjhima Nikaya.
Let me see if I can find it. So we’re actually turning away from this contemplation on the five aggregates, having these three marks, and we’re focusing, I’m interested in the verb, focusing on a deathless element. So why are we turning away from this? Yeah, I think this is not something that just happens sort of willfully, that you’re contemplating the five aggregates, and then you think, okay, enough of that, I’m going to turn to the deathless element.
But I think this is what sort of naturally happens when insight into the nature of the five aggregates has reached its pinnacle. Then what happens, this is the way that commentarial tradition will explain it, that what arises is the world transcending path, the Lokuttara Magga arises, and that drops the conditioned phenomena as this object, and it focuses on, it actually experiences, sees, and realizes the unconditioned element. And that unconditioned state, that is the deathless element.
Otherwise known as Nibbāna. That is Nibbāna. So it seems like, it’s not just like turning away, it seems like as you get to a certain level of realization on the nature of beings, you automatically enter into this deathless element, otherwise known as Nibbāna.
Interviewer: What we’re trying to discover tonight is what is that being, right? So this Nibbāna comes out of this insight into the nature of beings.
Yeah, yeah. In fact, those three characteristics, you know, the three main characteristics of conditioned phenomena are sometimes said to be called doors to emancipation, vimokamukha, doors to emancipation.
And each one sort of leads the mind to focus upon Nibbāna in a different way, as determined by the opposition between that characteristic and the nature of Nibbāna. So it’s said when you focus on condition phenomena as impermanent, then when you reach that peak, that becomes the door to the perception, the realization of Nibbāna as the signless element, because it’s devoid of the sign or features of conditioned phenomena, of impermanence. If you make the main focus of your contemplation the unsatisfactory or suffering nature of conditioned phenomena, that leads to the realization of Nibbāna as the desireless or wishless element, because Nibbāna is sort of the antidote to craving or desire.
And then if one focuses, if one’s insight emphasizes the non-self nature of conditioned phenomena, then when you reach the world-transcending plane, then you experience or realize Nibbāna as the sunyata, that’s the door of sunyata, of the empty nature, Nibbāna as emptiness. So contemplating these three natures of beings, and the five aggregates, they’re like doorways to Nibbāna. Exactly.
And it seems like depending on which doorway you take, Nibbāna is described differently. Yeah. Always in the negatively, it seems.
So the wishless, desireless. That’s interesting. Yeah.
But we’re going to say that it’s not just a state of nothingness. Yeah, yeah. I’m going through sort of the different ontological terms.
So we started off with the dot, with the element. And the word element, it always signifies something that positively exists, that definitely exists. For example, the familiar scheme is 18 elements.
Those would be the six sense faculties, eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, mind, their corresponding objects, and then six corresponding types of consciousness. So those are 18 elements. Then we have, well, there are other schemes of elements.
Oh, yeah. Of course, the four elements, the four material elements, earth, water, fire, air, and then sometimes space element is added, and consciousness element. So those are things that actually exist that have a nature of their own.
And so nibbana as a dhatu, the nibbanadhatu, or asankhata dhatu, the unconditioned element, is something that exists that has a nature of its own. Okay. Then another term that’s used is ayatana.
And so we have a sutta, I included it in this book, actually. So in this book, chapter six, it’s all on nibbana… And there’s two short suttas here.
I don’t think ayatana occurs here, but in this book. So once we go on this exploration of nibbana., I think we’re going to try. Yeah, there is actually 365.
*Okay. So here the Buddha says there is that base.
So this is ayatana, where there is neither earth nor water, fire nor air. Then he mentions the different planes of existence. And there is neither this world nor another world, neither sun nor moon.
Here I say there is no coming, no going, no standing still, no passing away, and no being reborn. It is not established, not moving without support. This is the end of dukkha, the end of suffering.
And these are your arguments for nibbana being something, not just nothingness, but being something more than that ontologically. Yeah, exactly. And so we’ve talked about two things.
So you’ve talked about this idea of, you know, element, dhatu, or ayatana is face. And so these are two things. And so now I’m sort of wanting to switch gears a little bit, but we can keep going if you want.
Interviewer:And I want to bring in the idea of consciousness. If this is to be experienced, if this is to be perceived, this being nibbana., this thing that exists ontologically more than nothingness or blankness, what’s its relationship to consciousness? And the way I wanted to enter into this conversation is to start with your name, Bhikkhu Bodhi. So this word, Bodhi, could you tell me a little bit about what this word means? What is Bodhi? And when the Buddha was awakening, what’s Bodhi mean, actually? So Bodhi means enlightenment, the enlightenment of the Buddha.
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So it wasn’t given to me because I’ve reached enlightenment. But I don’t know why teacher just gave it to me. I don’t know.
I wanted a longer name, but he gave me the name Bodhi. I said, how about Bodhinyana? Bodhi is good enough. How about Bodhisattva, Lion of Enlightenment? Bodhi is good enough.
So you were like bargaining with your name, right? His name was Ananda Maitreya. So how about Bodhi Maitreya, Maitreya Bodhi? No, Bodhi is good enough. And so it means enlightenment.
But what does, I guess, what’s the relationship between nibbana.? This deathless state and this moment that the Buddha had, we call awakening or bodhi.
Interviewer: Yeah, okay. So bodhi and nibbana are not the same in early Buddhism.
Bodhi is the experience, the opening of the knowledge, not conceptual knowledge, the experiential knowledge by which one experiences nibbana… And through that experience of nibbana., it eradicates, destroys certain of the bonds or fetters or defilements that keep one in bondage to the cycle of birth and death. If I remember the commentaries, actually they give several explanations of the word bodhi.
So they say bodhi could be the knowledge of the four paths. So the four paths are like the four stages of enlightenment in early Buddhism. The path of stream entry, once returning, not returning, arhatship.
But then they also say that bodhi is the knowledge of the fourth path, only the highest path. And then bodhi is the knowledge of a supreme Buddha. And then they say bodhi is, sometimes they equate bodhi, if I remember, even with the…