Bhavana in daily life

[RobertK]

A friend wrote to me:

Hi Robert,
could you explain in a little more detail what you actually do on a daily basis? Is it just a matter of recognition, as in “…This is feeling…now this is intention…”, etc?

There are 2 kinds of bhavana (“meditation”),lakkhaṇārammaṇūpanijjhānena, in the dispensation (sasana).

Lakkhaṇūpanijjhāna is what is sometimes called insight meditation (the way of the sukkhavipassakā) , seeing phenomena as they are as anicca, dukkha and anatta.
And ārammaṇūpanijjhāna is samatha, serenity meditation. Notice that jhana is the suffix of both – but the concentration is quite different…

Eventually even the one skilled in samatha must turn towards the lakkhana if they are to really benefit from the teachings.

As one interested in the way of the sukkhavipassakā the way this plays out in daily life is varied but talking about the ayatana , the sense fields.:

Firstly without enough wise consideration of Dhamma related to them no development can occur.
Think of a moment of seeing now - there are the colors that are sensed, the eyebase and the cakkhu-viññana (seeing consciousness). These three are each conditioned in various ways and yet they manage to come together briefly. No manager arranging this. It is happening now. This is only understood vaguely- but that is fine, that is the way it must be. I take the pali phrase cira kala bhavana seriously - long time development…

Even at this basic level there is increasing understanding of the difference between concept and reality for one thing. Because the focus is on the realities which underlie the conceptual world, it becomes hard to take the ups and downs of life too seriously.

An analogy is watching a movie- fear, joy, excitement , anticipation, boredom – all these emotions may arise when sitting in front of the TV but we know it is just a show. And life starts to be seen, sometimes, like that.

[RobertK]

what do you actually do on a daily basis? Is it just a matter of recognition, as in “…This is feeling…now this is intention…”, etc?

So in the last post I mentioned the value of contemplation of the Dhamma and this is really the main part of what I do on a daily basis. Yes I do examine what is appearing in the present moment - but it is very unmethodical.
I know the Burmese method have their students do such vigorous noting and I tried that many years ago. Personally I found it increased the idea that sati could be made to arise - it wasn’t supportive of the truth that sati (and all dhammas) are completely anatta, uncontrollable.

I think most people underestimate the importance of reflecting on the teachings and comparing the deep Dhamma with every aspect of life, every moment really.
They think contemplating (in words) is a second rate practice and want to go directly to experiencing realities: And it is true that, yes, the intellectual understanding does /should eventuallly lead to direct awareness of whatever element is appearing.
But it is a very gradual process and even after true satipatthana arises there is needed more and more consideration of the teachings that supports more understanding, leading to more direct insight, a virtuous circle.

Returning to what I said about the 'unmethodical" examining of objects. Take an easy example: it is almost second nature now, to see that if irritation with someone/something arises that it is simply dosa, a conditioned element. Because I have studied Abhidhamma for years there are many different thoughts that might arise along with this.
Here is one possible example of the thinking I might have.“There was seeing and visible object, hearing and sound and then there were the many mind door processes. None of them are self” . While thinking in this way dosa has already fallen away and is replaced by an interest in the process itself… But there are many other trains of thought , related to Dhamma, that might also occur. So no mechanical rote recitation, it depends on what aspect of Dhamma I have been contemplating.

And I go for long periods without any contemplation and that is the nature of the busy layman’s life.
Once the the Buddha recommended that 500 wealthy merchants should dwell considering the deep teachings on suññata, voidness of self :
https://suttacentral.net/sn55.53/en/sujato

[Dhammadinna]
“Let the Blessed One, venerable sir, exhort us and instruct us in a way that may lead to our welfare and happiness for a long time.”
[The Buddha]
“Therefore, Dhammadinna, you should train yourselves thus: ‘From time to time we will enter and dwell upon those discourses spoken by the Tathāgata that are deep, deep in meaning, supramundane, dealing with emptiness.’ It is in such a way that you should train yourselves.”

Yet those laymen replied that they were caught up in worldly activities and it was hard for them to do this. And I am the same, but still Dhamma is a predominant interest for a significant portion of the time.

Here is another sutta:

https://suttacentral.net/an6.51/en/suja … ript=latin
anguttara nikaya
About Dhammika
5. Dhammikavagga
With Ānanda
Reverend Sāriputta, take a mendicant who memorizes the teaching—statements, mixed prose & verse, discussions, verses, inspired exclamations, legends, stories of past lives, amazing stories, and elaborations.
Then, just as they learned and memorized it, they teach others in detail, make them recite in detail, practice reciting in detail, and think about and consider the teaching in their heart, examining it with the mind.
They enter the rains retreat in a monastery with senior mendicants who are very learned, inheritors of the heritage, who have memorized the teachings, the monastic law, and the outlines.From time to time they go up to those mendicants and ask them questions:‘Why, sir, does it say this? What does that mean?’Those venerables clarify what is unclear, reveal what is obscure, and dispel doubt regarding the many doubtful matters.
This is how a mendicant gets to hear a teaching they haven’t heard before. It’s how they remember those teachings they have heard. It’s how they keep rehearsing the teachings they’ve already got to know. And it’s how they come to understand what they haven’t understood before.

I have been fortunate to know Sujin Boriharnwanaket for decades and spent hundreds of hours going over subtle teachings and asking her to explain this or that. At the center where she teaches there are genuine pali experts who sometimes she calls on during our discussions to clarify a phrase - one was Ajarn Somporn who died a few years back in his 90s. He was on the Thai government committee in charge of the Pali to Thai translations.
But anyway these days, thanks to the PTS and Bhikkhu Bodhi, there are good translations readily available…

[RobertK]

When I started out it was hard to find good resources and there was little discussion available on right and wrong paths.
In this technical age Buddhist forums play their part in encouraging discussions on deep Dhamma and allow all of us to discuss different aspects of Dhamma.

But even now it is difficult for newcomers- how to tell who is explaining correctly among all the mass of information out there?
I would say take anatta and conditionality as the measure: does the explanation agree with this or is there a subtle belief that there must be a manager who is being aware.
There are only fleeting elements - this should be kept in mind.

[RobertK]

I was asked about the term cira kala bhavana - long time development:

Tasso hi bodhisambhāresu bhāvanā sabbasambhārabhāvanā nirantarabhāvanā cirakālabhāvanā sakkaccabhāvanā cāti. Tāsu ‘‘kappe ca satasahasse, caturo ca asaṅkhiye’’ti iminā cirakālabhāvanā vuttā.Cariyapitaka Atthakatha http://kusala.online-dhamma.net/文字資料/南傳佛教圖書館%20Theravada%20Buddhism%20E-Library/006%20Chattha%20Sangayana及辭典/pali/s0512a.att.htm

Using chatGPT to translate:

The provided Pali text discusses the types of development (bhāvanā) in the context of the accumulations towards enlightenment (bodhisambhāresu), highlighting the comprehensive development of all accumulations (sabbasambhārabhāvanā), continuous development (nirantarabhāvanā), long-term development (cirakālabhāvanā), and careful development (sakkaccabhāvanā). Specifically, it mentions “cirakālabhāvanā” as development over a long period, indicated by the phrase ‘‘kappe ca satasahasse, caturo ca asaṅkhiye’’, referring to the cultivation that spans eons and hundreds of thousands of years. This passage emphasizes the profound and extended commitment required in the practice of developing the foundations for enlightenment

and here:

AtthaPali Vol.32

Atthakatha Book 32 : PALI ROMAN
Thera.A.1 (paramatthadī.1)
Dīghamaddhānanti cirakālaṃ anādimati saṃsāre aparimāṇakālaṃ.

[RobertK]

There are two types of putthujjjana (worlding), the andhaputthujjana and the kalyanaputthujjana. The kalyanaputthujjana is working towards deeper understanding.

Commentary to the Brahmajala sutta (translation Bodhi p. 111 All embacing net of views)

"The Enlightened One, the kinsman of the sun,
Speaks of the worldling in a twofold way:
One is the worldling blinded by darkness,
The other the worldling noble and good.
The blind worldling (andhaputhujjana) is the worldling who has not studied, interrogated, learned, memorized, and reviewed the teachings on the aggregates, elements, sense bases, etc. The worldling who has done so is the good worldling (kalyāṇaputhujjana).

Also Commentary to Mulapariyaya sutta
( trans Bodhi:
The “uninstructed worldling” (p40 of Mulapariyaya)

“needs to be taught, because he possesses neither learning(agama) nor achievement. For he who possesses neither the learning running counter to the activity of conceiving because he has neglected to study, question, and discriminate the aggregates (khandhas), elements, sense bases (ayatanas) truths, law of conditionality and foundations of mindfulness etc , nor spiritual achievement because he has failed to achieve what should be achieved by practice is said to be ‘uninstructed’.

It is a gradual process that begins with study and reflection on the teachings.

From the satipatthana sutta

The Four Kinds of Clear Comprehension
"And further, O bhikkhus, a bhikkhu, in going forwards (and) in going backwards, is a person practicing clear comprehension; in looking straight on (and) in looking away from the front, is a person practicing clear comprehension; in bending and in stretching, is a person practicing clear comprehension; in wearing the shoulder-cloak, the (other two) robes (and) the bowl, is a person practicing clear comprehension; in regard to what is eaten, drunk, chewed and savored, is a person practicing clear comprehension; in defecating and in urinating, is a person practicing clear comprehension; in walking, in standing (in a place), in sitting (in some position), in sleeping, in waking, in speaking and in keeping silence, is a person practicing clear comprehension.

The satipatthana sutta commentary gives an example of this:

The Elder Tipitaka Maha Siva indeed said: Who, after walking or exercising long in the ambulatory, stands and reflects: “The bodily and mental things which existed during the time of exercises on the ambulatory ended just there on the ambulatory,” is called a doer of clear comprehension in walking

and

He who whilst speaking thinks: “This sound arises dependent on the lips, teeth, tongue, palate, and the act of the mind that accords to that sound,” speaks, mindful and clearly comprehending.

It is not that one day one is filled with wrong view and next some Damascus moment and all wrong view disappears.
It is incremental, cira kala bhavana.
And that is ok - better to be going slowly in the right direction than fast in the wrong.
Udana 5.5

In the same way in this teaching and training the penetration to enlightenment comes from gradual training, progress, and practice, not abruptly.
evamevaṁ kho, bhikkhave, imasmiṁ dhammavinaye anupubbasikkhā anupubbakiriyā anupubbapaṭipadā, na āyatakeneva aññāpaṭivedho.

[RobertK]

So what should be done assuming one has studied and begun to understand the meaning of the teachings:
https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn22/sn22.122.than.html

Sariputta my friend, which things should a virtuous monk attend to in an appropriate way?"

“A virtuous monk, Kotthita my friend, should attend in an appropriate way to the five clinging-aggregates as inconstant, stressful, a disease, a cancer, an arrow, painful, an affliction, alien, a dissolution, an emptiness, not-self. Which five? Form as a clinging-aggregate, feeling… perception… fabrications… consciousness as a clinging-aggregate. A virtuous monk should attend in an appropriate way to these five clinging-aggregates as inconstant, stressful, a disease, a cancer, an arrow, painful, an affliction, alien, a dissolution, an emptiness, not-self. For it is possible that a virtuous monk, attending in an appropriate way to these five clinging-aggregates as inconstant… not-self, would realize the fruit of stream-entry.”

Then which things should an arahant attend to in an appropriate way?"
"An arahant should attend in an appropriate way to these five clinging-aggregates as inconstant, stressful, a disease, a cancer, an arrow, painful, an affliction, alien, a dissolution, an emptiness, not-self

[RobertK]

And what is the way of developing immersion further that leads to the ending of defilements?
It’s when a mendicant meditates observing rise and fall in the five grasping aggregates.
‘Such is form, such is the origin of form, such is the ending of form.
Such is feeling, such is the origin of feeling, such is the ending of feeling.
,
SuttaCentral

This advanced level of understanding - where the rise and fall is directly known- can’t occur unless there has been enough prior understanding, firstly at the level of pariyatti, the intellectual understanding.

With regard to understanding the usual distinctions are pariyatti, patipatti and pativedha.

A similar classification is saccā-ñāṇa (sacca-nana), Kicca-ñāṇa and Kata-ñāṇa.

Sacca-nana is a level of understanding where the pariyatti (intellectual level) is firm. One has real conviction of the noble truths and so on. This level is a foundation for higher understanding.

[RobertK]

The application of Dhamma is to learn to study whatever arises in the present - i.e. the khandhas, the ayatanas. So satipatthana is about learning to see wisely that there are only conditioned moments of materiality and mentality: seeing is arising now, thinking is arising now, feeling, hardness, softness, heat, interest, boredom, happiness and so on.

If there is not awareness of just those present moment realities then one might get instead get involved in philosophizing about suffering and what is meaningful etc.

All of these moments arising right now have their own nature but they also all cease instantly and new ones replace them. This can be seen to some degree, sometimes - and it concurs exactly with what is said in the texts. So dukkha is showing itself constantly - no matter if ‘happiness’ arises often - as “happiness” is momentary. Just as are unpleasant feeling or even despair.

Someone wrote:

I have lost much of what little drive I had before to have a career, family or even friendships as they usually involve idle chatter and drinking intoxicants

Actually family, friendships and career all improve with right understanding. For example, if there is understanding, even a little, about conditionality, there must be more patience with children, wife and friends. There will be more understanding of the difference between attachment and metta.
As far as career goes it is not really unbridled ambition that leads to success but instead taking on the tasks that need to be done and doing them carefully and willingly - and that attitude is supported by Dhamma insights.
Of course it takes time to understand what anatta really means but correctly/wisely seeing that sabbe dhamma anatta is always beneficial. It makes life easier because it shines light everywhere.

[RobertK]

Commentary to Mulapariyaya sutta
( trans Bodhi:
The “**uninstructed worldling” (**p40 of Mulapariyaya)

“needs to be taught, because he possesses neither learning(agama) nor achievement. For he who possesses neither the learning running counter to the activity of conceiving because he has neglected to study, question, and discriminate the aggregates (khandhas), elements, sense bases (ayatanas) truths, law of conditionality and foundations of mindfulness
If we are unclear on these aspect at the grossest level of reflection then how could deeper levels of understanding arise.

If we find ourselves thinking that any of the khandhas can last, or we think there is a self then that is wrong view showing itself there and then. Or maybe we think that there is no rebirth. We can know that is not what the Buddha taught.

Perhaps before we started to study Dhamma we didn’t think giving was particularly meritorious. Or we were disrespectful to our parents.

So we start to see what is meant by ditthujukamma - straightening of views.
And of course this becomes more and more refined. Or it doesn’t - one might resist what the Buddha taught, or read into it other ideas.

This level of right understanding is not yet satipatthana but it is a prerequisite for the direct understanding (I.e satipatthana).

And what is the way of developing immersion further that leads to the ending of defilements?
It’s when a mendicant meditates observing rise and fall in the five grasping aggregates.
‘Such is form, such is the origin of form, such is the ending of form.
Such is feeling, such is the origin of feeling, such is the ending of feeling.
,
SuttaCentral

And this advanced level of understanding - where the rise and fall is directly known- can’t occur unless there has been enough prior understanding, firstly at the level of pariyatti, the intellectual understanding.

With regard to understanding the usual distinctions are pariyatti, patipatti and pativedha.

A similar classification is saccā-ñāṇa (sacca-nana), Kicca-ñāṇa and Kata-ñāṇa.

Sacca-nana is a level of understanding where the pariyatti (intellectual level) is firm. There is real conviction of the noble truths and so on. This level is a foundation for higher understanding.

[RobertK]

Salayatana Samyutta
55 (3) Uprooting the Fetters … “( Bodhi translation)

Venerable sir, how should one know, how should one see, for the fetters to be uprooted?” “Bhikkhu, when one knows and sees the eye as nonself, [32] the fetters are uprooted. When one knows and sees forms as nonself … (all as above) … When one knows and sees thus, bhikkhu, the fetters are uprooted.

”

[RobertK]

https://suttacentral.net/an11.13/en/sujato?lang=en&layout=linebyline&reference=none&notes=sidenotes&highlight=false&script=latin
Numbered Discourses 11.13
Aṅguttara Nikāya 11.13

With Nandiya
Nandiyasutta
it’s appropriate that gentlemen such as you come to me and ask:
‘We spend our life in various ways. Which of these should we practice?’
The faithful succeed, not the faithless.
The ethical succeed, not the unethical.
The energetic succeed, not the lazy.
The mindful succeed, not the unmindful.
Those with immersion succeed, not those without immersion.
The wise succeed, not the witless.
When you’re grounded on these six things, go on to establish mindfulness on five further things internally.

Firstly, you should recollect the Realized One:
‘That Blessed One is perfected, a fully awakened Buddha, accomplished in knowledge and conduct, holy, knower of the world, supreme guide for those who wish to train, teacher of gods and humans, awakened, blessed.’
In this way you should establish mindfulness internally based on the Realized One.

Furthermore, you should recollect the teaching:
‘The teaching is well explained by the Buddha—apparent in the present life, immediately effective, inviting inspection, relevant, so that sensible people can know it for themselves.’
In this way you should establish mindfulness internally based on the teaching.

Furthermore, you should recollect your good friends:
‘I’m fortunate, so very fortunate,
to have good friends who advise and instruct me out of kindness and sympathy.’
In this way you should establish mindfulness internally based on good friends.

Furthermore, you should recollect your own generosity:
‘I’m so fortunate, so very fortunate.
Among people with hearts full of the stain of stinginess I live at home rid of stinginess, freely generous, open-handed, loving to let go, committed to charity, loving to give and to share.’
In this way you should establish mindfulness internally based on generosity.